Combo Magazine Set 1
1.Environment & Ecology Magazine 2021
2.MODERN INDIA 2021
3.ECONOMIC SURVEY 2020-2021 (Volume 1)

Economic Survey Introduction

Importance of Economic Survey

How to read the Economic Survey for UPSC?

Economic Survey 2021 Highlights

The Economic Survey 2021 was presented by Finance Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman. The theme for Economic Survey 2021 is “Saving Lives and Livelihoods”. Presenting the highlights of the survey for the year 2021.

• In FY 2021, the economic contraction is projected at 7.7%.
• With the farm sector being the silver lining, the GDP growth is estimated at 11% in the financial year 2022.
• The economy is showing a V-shaped recovery supported by the vaccination drive against COVID-19.
• As the vaccination drive gathers steam, the rebound would be led by the low base and the continuing normalization in economic activities.
• Growth has been kept from further diving down by government consumption and net exports.
• The Survey has batted for a continued expansionary fiscal stance by the government to ensure that growth returns to pre-Covid levels.
• It said that as long as GDP kept growing, the country need not worry about debt.
• It projected exports to decline by 5.8% and imports by 11.3% in the second half of FY21.
• The country is expected to have a Current Account Surplus of 2% of GDP this fiscal which is a historic high after 17 years.
• According to the survey, India’s fiscal policy should reflect Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore’s sentiment of ‘a mind without fear.
• It also stated that India’s sovereign credit ratings do not reflect its fundamentals, evident from its zero sovereign default history.
• Healthcare:
  • The nationwide preemptive lockdown imposed prevented 37 lakh COVID-19 cases and 1 lakh deaths.
  • It recommended increasing the spending on public healthcare from 1% of GDP to 2.5 – 3% of GDP.
  • The health infrastructure should be made agile in order to be able to respond to pandemics better.
  • Telemedicine needs to be harnessed to the fullest by investing in internet connectivity and health infrastructure.
  • It recommended setting up a sectoral regulator for the healthcare sector and a rating agency-like body to evaluate the quality of healthcare service providers.
• Process reforms:
  • There is over-regulation in the economy which leads to regulations being ineffective even when there is good compliance with the processes.
  • The solution is to simplify regulations and invest in greater supervision which, by definition, implies greater discretion.
  • There should be more investments in research and development by the private sector.
  • The Economic Survey suggests asset quality review exercise to be done immediately after the forbearance is withdrawn.
    • Forbearance represents ‘emergency medicine’ that should be discontinued at the first opportunity when the economy exhibits recovery, not a ‘staple diet’ that gets continued for years.
  • It called for a clean-up of the banks’ books to ensure that past mistakes are avoided in the future.
  • There is a need for boosting the legal infrastructure for the recovery of loans.
  • The survey supported the new farm laws which it said would benefit the small and marginal farmers and usher in a free-market era in agriculture.
• Fiscal developments:
  • India adopted a calibrated approach best suited for a resilient recovery of its economy from the pandemic impact, in contrast with a front-loaded large stimulus package adopted by many countries.
  • India remained the only country among emerging markets to receive equity FII inflows in 2020.
  • As per the survey, compared to 2012, access to “the bare necessities” has improved across all states in the country in 2018.
  • Access to bare necessities is the highest in Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat while it is the lowest in Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Tripura.

Finance Minister Ms. Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Economic Survey 2020 in Parliament on 31 January. Presenting the highlights of the Survey:

• The theme of the Economic Survey is wealth creation, promotion of pro-business policies, and strengthening of trust in the economy.
• Thalis(food platter) with respect to one day’s pay of a worker have improved over time, which indicates improved welfare of the common man. Note- This year economic survey unveiled Thalinomics.
  • The affordability of vegetarian Thalis improved 29 percent from 2006-07 to 2019-20 while that for non-vegetarian Thalis by 18 percent.
• There have been many new firms created in the country since 2014.
  • In the formal sector, there has been a 12.2 % cumulative annual growth rate of new firms in 2014-18, compared to 3.8 % in 2006-2014.
  • About 1.24 lakh new firms were created in the year 2018, which is an increase of about 80 % from about 70,000 in 2014.
• Under the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G), the number of houses completed in a year quadrupled. (Read about Housing for All Scheme in the linked article.)
• To achieve a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of USD 5 trillion by 2024 – 25, India needs to spend about USD 1.4 trillion (Rs.100 lakh crore) over these years on infrastructure so that lack of infrastructure does not become an impediment to the growth of the economy.
• Livestock has emerged as an important secondary source of income for rural families and has assumed an important role in securing the goal of doubling the income of farmers.
  • There is a need to bring in a distinction between hoarding and storage of food grains, this will play an important role in doubling farmers’ income.
  • There is also a need for addressing some basic challenges such as credit, insurance coverage as well as irrigation in agriculture and allied sectors. (Read about National Livestock Mission in the linked article.)
• Rise in Tree and forest cover – They have reached 80.73 million hectares.
• States/UTs showing an increase in forest cover are Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, and Andhra Pradesh. States showing a loss are Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh.
• Ayushman Bharat has set up 28,005 Health & Wellness Centres as of 14th January 2020.
  • The OoPE (out of pocket expenditure) on health as a percentage of total health expenditure diminished from 64.2 percent in 2013-14 to 58.7 percent in 2016-17.
• 2.6 crore jobs have been created in urban and rural areas between 2011-12 and 2017-18.
  • Apart from jobs, the focus has also been on enhancing the quality of jobs and formalization of the economy.
  • The share of regular wage/salaried employees has increased from 18 percent in 2011-12 to almost 23 percent in 2017 – 2018 (an increase of five percentage points). This reflects formalization in the Indian economy.
• Currently, India has the second-largest emerging Green Bond Market after China.
  • The State Bank of India entered the green bond market with a US$650 million Certified Climate Bond.
  • In 2019, India joined the International Platform on Sustainable Finance (IPSF) to further boost environmentally sustainable investments.
• All the urban areas of 35 states/UTs have been declared ‘open defecation free (ODF).
  • The percentage of waste processing has increased to around 60% from 18%.
  • This comes under the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban).
• In the services sector, there has been a 33% hike in the gross FDI.
  • This sector accounted for about 55% of the economy and Gross Value Added (GVA) growth, 38% of the total exports, and 2/3rd of the total FDI inflows into India.
  • In 15 of the 33 states/UTs, the services sector’s share is now over 50 percent of the Gross State Value Added.
• Regarding the space program of the country, ISRO has launched around 5-7 satellites per year in recent years with almost no failures.
• The survey notes that while there is a case for governmental intervention when markets don’t function properly, excessive intervention particularly when the market can do the job of improving citizens’ welfare perfectly well, suppresses economic freedom and generates ‘deadweight loss’.
  • Deadweight loss is the loss generated by the wasted opportunity of creating a consumer and producer surplus and diminishes wealth creation by not permitting efficient allocation of entrepreneurial resources and energy to productive activities thereby promoting economic dynamism.
• The GDP growth is pegged at 6-6.5 percent in the fiscal year starting in April.
• The fiscal deficit target may have to be relaxed to revive growth for the current fiscal.
• Relying on ten factors like the build-up of demand pressure, higher FDI inflows, a positive growth of GST revenue, there is an expectation of an uptick in growth in the second half of the current fiscal.
• The Survey demands that the government deliver diligently on reforms to revive growth.
• Ethical wealth creation is key to India becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by the year 2025.
• Regarding regular women employment, from 2011 – 12 to 2017 – 18, there was an increase of 8%.
  • But in rural employment of women, there has been a decline in female labour force participation.
• Debt waivers disrupt the credit culture, reduces formal credit to the same farmers.
• The survey recommends the government analyze the areas where it intervenes and undermines markets unnecessarily.
• There is a call for improving governance in public sector banks, and bring in more disclosures to enhance trust. The Survey also mentions dwarfism in the banking sector.
• The Survey also suggests taking steps to make it easier to start new business ventures, pay taxes, register property, and enforce contracts.
• The easing of crude prices reduces the current account deficit; imports contract more sharply than exports in the first half of the current fiscal.
• Demand pressure in the economy is weakening as indicated by a declining inflation rate (from 3.2% in April 2019 to 2.6% in Dec 2019).
• During April – November 2019, the GST collections increased by 4.1% for the Centre. 
• The Chief Economic Advisor (CEA) commented in the press conference after the Survey release that the impact of the Wuhan Coronavirus on the Indian economy would be very marginal.
• He noted that all groups of countries have slowed down and in a globalized economy, India has also felt the effect.
• He said the economic slowdown since 2017 has been due to the lagged effect of reduced investment from 2013 which occurred due to credit boom-bust.
• The Survey informs that for wealth to be distributed, it first has to be created and called for looking at wealth creators with respect.

The Economic Survey 2019 theme is about enabling the “shifting of gears” to uphold economic growth to make India a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. The Survey says that it recedes from “traditional thinking by advocating a growth model for India that views the economy as being either in a virtuous or a vicious cycle and thus never in equilibrium.”

Below mentioned are the main Economic Survey 2019 highlights:

• The survey sees Financial Year 2020 GDP growth at 7%, higher growth on stables macros.
• India needs to grow at 8% per year to be USD 5 trillion economies by 2025.
• Looking further at the economics of equilibrium, the survey makes the case for an investment-driven “virtuous cycle” to sustain growth at 8%.
• Investment is the main driving force of simultaneous growth in exports, productivity, demand, and jobs.
• The survey proposes to name roads after the names of top taxpayers and to give diplomatic-type privileges. 
• Rather than focusing on small firms, the government should foster the growth of large firms.
• Additional focus on pushing up exports.
• Use public data to transform the development in the country.
• Growth in investment activity is slow.
• Ease labour laws to spur job growth.
• Wage growth in the rural area has started increasing since mid-2018.
• Political stability should push the animal spirits of the economy.
• Poor compliance of contracts and dispute settlement is a big hurdle. Legal processes should be faster and accorded top priority.
• Growth and savings are interrelated. Hence, savings must increase more than investment.
• Data must be established as a public good “of the people, by the people, for the people”. Constant right-sizing based on real-time data is the need. 
• The survey argues that to solve many social issues, nudging behavior change is the simplest way.
• Top policymakers must make sure that the actions are foreseeable. Policymaking needs are (a) Clear Vision (b) Strategic blueprint (c) Tactical tools for constant recalibration
• The success of MNREGA shows that with the skillful use of technology, government schemes can make a difference.
• Strengthening the middle class and driving up the low-wage earners with the help of minimum wage policy.
• MSMEs in the economy need to be freed from restraints that overshadow them. It should be seen as a source of innovation, growth, and job creation.
• The policy should enable MSMEs to grow, create greater profits, and contribute to job creation and productivity in the economy.
• To raise real per capita GDP by US$ 5000 and improve its HDI ranking, India needs to increase per capita energy consumption.
• India moving forward from Swachch Bharat to Swasth and Sundar Bharat.
• India will enjoy the “demographic dividend” phase in the next two decades but some states will start transitioning to an aging society by the 2030s.
• The Survey seeks reform in the lower judiciary.
• The government stands by the fiscal consolidation path.
• The Survey visualizes creating a Detroit for Electric Vehicles in India.
• January-March economic slowdown due to poll-related activity.
• The decline in NPAs should push up the CAPEX cycle.
• The general fiscal deficit was seen at 5.8% in FY19 VS 6.4% in FY18.
• NBFC stressed the reason for the financial year 2019 slowdown.
• The investment rate is seen higher in FY20 on improved demand.
• Oil prices are seen declining in the Financial Year 2020.
• Accommodative MPC policy to help cut real lending rates.
• The Survey is inspired by Gandhi’s Talisman: “…Recall the face of the poorest man [woman], and ask yourself if the step you contemplate is going to be of any use to him [her].

Economic Survey Introduction

Importance of Economic Survey

How to read the Economic Survey for UPSC?

Economic Survey 2021 Highlights

The Economic Survey 2021 was presented by Finance Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman. The theme for Economic Survey 2021 is “Saving Lives and Livelihoods”. Presenting the highlights of the survey for the year 2021.

• In FY 2021, the economic contraction is projected at 7.7%.
• With the farm sector being the silver lining, the GDP growth is estimated at 11% in the financial year 2022.
• The economy is showing a V-shaped recovery supported by the vaccination drive against COVID-19.
• As the vaccination drive gathers steam, the rebound would be led by the low base and the continuing normalization in economic activities.
• Growth has been kept from further diving down by government consumption and net exports.
• The Survey has batted for a continued expansionary fiscal stance by the government to ensure that growth returns to pre-Covid levels.
• It said that as long as GDP kept growing, the country need not worry about debt.
• It projected exports to decline by 5.8% and imports by 11.3% in the second half of FY21.
• The country is expected to have a Current Account Surplus of 2% of GDP this fiscal which is a historic high after 17 years.
• According to the survey, India’s fiscal policy should reflect Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore’s sentiment of ‘a mind without fear.
• It also stated that India’s sovereign credit ratings do not reflect its fundamentals, evident from its zero sovereign default history.
• Healthcare:
  • The nationwide preemptive lockdown imposed prevented 37 lakh COVID-19 cases and 1 lakh deaths.
  • It recommended increasing the spending on public healthcare from 1% of GDP to 2.5 – 3% of GDP.
  • The health infrastructure should be made agile in order to be able to respond to pandemics better.
  • Telemedicine needs to be harnessed to the fullest by investing in internet connectivity and health infrastructure.
  • It recommended setting up a sectoral regulator for the healthcare sector and a rating agency-like body to evaluate the quality of healthcare service providers.
• Process reforms:
  • There is over-regulation in the economy which leads to regulations being ineffective even when there is good compliance with the processes.
  • The solution is to simplify regulations and invest in greater supervision which, by definition, implies greater discretion.
  • There should be more investments in research and development by the private sector.
  • The Economic Survey suggests asset quality review exercise to be done immediately after the forbearance is withdrawn.
    • Forbearance represents ‘emergency medicine’ that should be discontinued at the first opportunity when the economy exhibits recovery, not a ‘staple diet’ that gets continued for years.
  • It called for a clean-up of the banks’ books to ensure that past mistakes are avoided in the future.
  • There is a need for boosting the legal infrastructure for the recovery of loans.
  • The survey supported the new farm laws which it said would benefit the small and marginal farmers and usher in a free-market era in agriculture.
• Fiscal developments:
  • India adopted a calibrated approach best suited for a resilient recovery of its economy from the pandemic impact, in contrast with a front-loaded large stimulus package adopted by many countries.
  • India remained the only country among emerging markets to receive equity FII inflows in 2020.
  • As per the survey, compared to 2012, access to “the bare necessities” has improved across all states in the country in 2018.
  • Access to bare necessities is the highest in Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat while it is the lowest in Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Tripura.

Finance Minister Ms. Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Economic Survey 2020 in Parliament on 31 January. Presenting the highlights of the Survey:

• The theme of the Economic Survey is wealth creation, promotion of pro-business policies, and strengthening of trust in the economy.
• Thalis(food platter) with respect to one day’s pay of a worker have improved over time, which indicates improved welfare of the common man. Note- This year economic survey unveiled Thalinomics.
  • The affordability of vegetarian Thalis improved 29 percent from 2006-07 to 2019-20 while that for non-vegetarian Thalis by 18 percent.
• There have been many new firms created in the country since 2014.
  • In the formal sector, there has been a 12.2 % cumulative annual growth rate of new firms in 2014-18, compared to 3.8 % in 2006-2014.
  • About 1.24 lakh new firms were created in the year 2018, which is an increase of about 80 % from about 70,000 in 2014.
• Under the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G), the number of houses completed in a year quadrupled. (Read about Housing for All Scheme in the linked article.)
• To achieve a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of USD 5 trillion by 2024 – 25, India needs to spend about USD 1.4 trillion (Rs.100 lakh crore) over these years on infrastructure so that lack of infrastructure does not become an impediment to the growth of the economy.
• Livestock has emerged as an important secondary source of income for rural families and has assumed an important role in securing the goal of doubling the income of farmers.
  • There is a need to bring in a distinction between hoarding and storage of food grains, this will play an important role in doubling farmers’ income.
  • There is also a need for addressing some basic challenges such as credit, insurance coverage as well as irrigation in agriculture and allied sectors. (Read about National Livestock Mission in the linked article.)
• Rise in Tree and forest cover – They have reached 80.73 million hectares.
• States/UTs showing an increase in forest cover are Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, and Andhra Pradesh. States showing a loss are Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh.
• Ayushman Bharat has set up 28,005 Health & Wellness Centres as of 14th January 2020.
  • The OoPE (out of pocket expenditure) on health as a percentage of total health expenditure diminished from 64.2 percent in 2013-14 to 58.7 percent in 2016-17.
• 2.6 crore jobs have been created in urban and rural areas between 2011-12 and 2017-18.
  • Apart from jobs, the focus has also been on enhancing the quality of jobs and formalization of the economy.
  • The share of regular wage/salaried employees has increased from 18 percent in 2011-12 to almost 23 percent in 2017 – 2018 (an increase of five percentage points). This reflects formalization in the Indian economy.
• Currently, India has the second-largest emerging Green Bond Market after China.
  • The State Bank of India entered the green bond market with a US$650 million Certified Climate Bond.
  • In 2019, India joined the International Platform on Sustainable Finance (IPSF) to further boost environmentally sustainable investments.
• All the urban areas of 35 states/UTs have been declared ‘open defecation free (ODF).
  • The percentage of waste processing has increased to around 60% from 18%.
  • This comes under the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban).
• In the services sector, there has been a 33% hike in the gross FDI.
  • This sector accounted for about 55% of the economy and Gross Value Added (GVA) growth, 38% of the total exports, and 2/3rd of the total FDI inflows into India.
  • In 15 of the 33 states/UTs, the services sector’s share is now over 50 percent of the Gross State Value Added.
• Regarding the space program of the country, ISRO has launched around 5-7 satellites per year in recent years with almost no failures.
• The survey notes that while there is a case for governmental intervention when markets don’t function properly, excessive intervention particularly when the market can do the job of improving citizens’ welfare perfectly well, suppresses economic freedom and generates ‘deadweight loss’.
  • Deadweight loss is the loss generated by the wasted opportunity of creating a consumer and producer surplus and diminishes wealth creation by not permitting efficient allocation of entrepreneurial resources and energy to productive activities thereby promoting economic dynamism.
• The GDP growth is pegged at 6-6.5 percent in the fiscal year starting in April.
• The fiscal deficit target may have to be relaxed to revive growth for the current fiscal.
• Relying on ten factors like the build-up of demand pressure, higher FDI inflows, a positive growth of GST revenue, there is an expectation of an uptick in growth in the second half of the current fiscal.
• The Survey demands that the government deliver diligently on reforms to revive growth.
• Ethical wealth creation is key to India becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by the year 2025.
• Regarding regular women employment, from 2011 – 12 to 2017 – 18, there was an increase of 8%.
  • But in rural employment of women, there has been a decline in female labour force participation.
• Debt waivers disrupt the credit culture, reduces formal credit to the same farmers.
• The survey recommends the government analyze the areas where it intervenes and undermines markets unnecessarily.
• There is a call for improving governance in public sector banks, and bring in more disclosures to enhance trust. The Survey also mentions dwarfism in the banking sector.
• The Survey also suggests taking steps to make it easier to start new business ventures, pay taxes, register property, and enforce contracts.
• The easing of crude prices reduces the current account deficit; imports contract more sharply than exports in the first half of the current fiscal.
• Demand pressure in the economy is weakening as indicated by a declining inflation rate (from 3.2% in April 2019 to 2.6% in Dec 2019).
• During April – November 2019, the GST collections increased by 4.1% for the Centre. 
• The Chief Economic Advisor (CEA) commented in the press conference after the Survey release that the impact of the Wuhan Coronavirus on the Indian economy would be very marginal.
• He noted that all groups of countries have slowed down and in a globalized economy, India has also felt the effect.
• He said the economic slowdown since 2017 has been due to the lagged effect of reduced investment from 2013 which occurred due to credit boom-bust.
• The Survey informs that for wealth to be distributed, it first has to be created and called for looking at wealth creators with respect.

The Economic Survey 2019 theme is about enabling the “shifting of gears” to uphold economic growth to make India a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. The Survey says that it recedes from “traditional thinking by advocating a growth model for India that views the economy as being either in a virtuous or a vicious cycle and thus never in equilibrium.”

Below mentioned are the main Economic Survey 2019 highlights:

• The survey sees Financial Year 2020 GDP growth at 7%, higher growth on stables macros.
• India needs to grow at 8% per year to be USD 5 trillion economies by 2025.
• Looking further at the economics of equilibrium, the survey makes the case for an investment-driven “virtuous cycle” to sustain growth at 8%.
• Investment is the main driving force of simultaneous growth in exports, productivity, demand, and jobs.
• The survey proposes to name roads after the names of top taxpayers and to give diplomatic-type privileges. 
• Rather than focusing on small firms, the government should foster the growth of large firms.
• Additional focus on pushing up exports.
• Use public data to transform the development in the country.
• Growth in investment activity is slow.
• Ease labour laws to spur job growth.
• Wage growth in the rural area has started increasing since mid-2018.
• Political stability should push the animal spirits of the economy.
• Poor compliance of contracts and dispute settlement is a big hurdle. Legal processes should be faster and accorded top priority.
• Growth and savings are interrelated. Hence, savings must increase more than investment.
• Data must be established as a public good “of the people, by the people, for the people”. Constant right-sizing based on real-time data is the need. 
• The survey argues that to solve many social issues, nudging behavior change is the simplest way.
• Top policymakers must make sure that the actions are foreseeable. Policymaking needs are (a) Clear Vision (b) Strategic blueprint (c) Tactical tools for constant recalibration
• The success of MNREGA shows that with the skillful use of technology, government schemes can make a difference.
• Strengthening the middle class and driving up the low-wage earners with the help of minimum wage policy.
• MSMEs in the economy need to be freed from restraints that overshadow them. It should be seen as a source of innovation, growth, and job creation.
• The policy should enable MSMEs to grow, create greater profits, and contribute to job creation and productivity in the economy.
• To raise real per capita GDP by US$ 5000 and improve its HDI ranking, India needs to increase per capita energy consumption.
• India moving forward from Swachch Bharat to Swasth and Sundar Bharat.
• India will enjoy the “demographic dividend” phase in the next two decades but some states will start transitioning to an aging society by the 2030s.
• The Survey seeks reform in the lower judiciary.
• The government stands by the fiscal consolidation path.
• The Survey visualizes creating a Detroit for Electric Vehicles in India.
• January-March economic slowdown due to poll-related activity.
• The decline in NPAs should push up the CAPEX cycle.
• The general fiscal deficit was seen at 5.8% in FY19 VS 6.4% in FY18.
• NBFC stressed the reason for the financial year 2019 slowdown.
• The investment rate is seen higher in FY20 on improved demand.
• Oil prices are seen declining in the Financial Year 2020.
• Accommodative MPC policy to help cut real lending rates.
• The Survey is inspired by Gandhi’s Talisman: “…Recall the face of the poorest man [woman], and ask yourself if the step you contemplate is going to be of any use to him [her].

Economic Survey Introduction

Importance of Economic Survey

How to read the Economic Survey for UPSC?

Economic Survey 2021 Highlights

The Economic Survey 2021 was presented by Finance Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman. The theme for Economic Survey 2021 is “Saving Lives and Livelihoods”. Presenting the highlights of the survey for the year 2021.

• In FY 2021, the economic contraction is projected at 7.7%.
• With the farm sector being the silver lining, the GDP growth is estimated at 11% in the financial year 2022.
• The economy is showing a V-shaped recovery supported by the vaccination drive against COVID-19.
• As the vaccination drive gathers steam, the rebound would be led by the low base and the continuing normalization in economic activities.
• Growth has been kept from further diving down by government consumption and net exports.
• The Survey has batted for a continued expansionary fiscal stance by the government to ensure that growth returns to pre-Covid levels.
• It said that as long as GDP kept growing, the country need not worry about debt.
• It projected exports to decline by 5.8% and imports by 11.3% in the second half of FY21.
• The country is expected to have a Current Account Surplus of 2% of GDP this fiscal which is a historic high after 17 years.
• According to the survey, India’s fiscal policy should reflect Gurudev Rabindranath Tagore’s sentiment of ‘a mind without fear.
• It also stated that India’s sovereign credit ratings do not reflect its fundamentals, evident from its zero sovereign default history.
• Healthcare:
  • The nationwide preemptive lockdown imposed prevented 37 lakh COVID-19 cases and 1 lakh deaths.
  • It recommended increasing the spending on public healthcare from 1% of GDP to 2.5 – 3% of GDP.
  • The health infrastructure should be made agile in order to be able to respond to pandemics better.
  • Telemedicine needs to be harnessed to the fullest by investing in internet connectivity and health infrastructure.
  • It recommended setting up a sectoral regulator for the healthcare sector and a rating agency-like body to evaluate the quality of healthcare service providers.
• Process reforms:
  • There is over-regulation in the economy which leads to regulations being ineffective even when there is good compliance with the processes.
  • The solution is to simplify regulations and invest in greater supervision which, by definition, implies greater discretion.
  • There should be more investments in research and development by the private sector.
  • The Economic Survey suggests asset quality review exercise to be done immediately after the forbearance is withdrawn.
    • Forbearance represents ‘emergency medicine’ that should be discontinued at the first opportunity when the economy exhibits recovery, not a ‘staple diet’ that gets continued for years.
  • It called for a clean-up of the banks’ books to ensure that past mistakes are avoided in the future.
  • There is a need for boosting the legal infrastructure for the recovery of loans.
  • The survey supported the new farm laws which it said would benefit the small and marginal farmers and usher in a free-market era in agriculture.
• Fiscal developments:
  • India adopted a calibrated approach best suited for a resilient recovery of its economy from the pandemic impact, in contrast with a front-loaded large stimulus package adopted by many countries.
  • India remained the only country among emerging markets to receive equity FII inflows in 2020.
  • As per the survey, compared to 2012, access to “the bare necessities” has improved across all states in the country in 2018.
  • Access to bare necessities is the highest in Kerala, Punjab, Haryana, and Gujarat while it is the lowest in Odisha, Jharkhand, West Bengal, and Tripura.

Finance Minister Ms. Nirmala Sitharaman presented the Economic Survey 2020 in Parliament on 31 January. Presenting the highlights of the Survey:

• The theme of the Economic Survey is wealth creation, promotion of pro-business policies, and strengthening of trust in the economy.
• Thalis(food platter) with respect to one day’s pay of a worker have improved over time, which indicates improved welfare of the common man. Note- This year economic survey unveiled Thalinomics.
  • The affordability of vegetarian Thalis improved 29 percent from 2006-07 to 2019-20 while that for non-vegetarian Thalis by 18 percent.
• There have been many new firms created in the country since 2014.
  • In the formal sector, there has been a 12.2 % cumulative annual growth rate of new firms in 2014-18, compared to 3.8 % in 2006-2014.
  • About 1.24 lakh new firms were created in the year 2018, which is an increase of about 80 % from about 70,000 in 2014.
• Under the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana – Gramin (PMAY-G), the number of houses completed in a year quadrupled. (Read about Housing for All Scheme in the linked article.)
• To achieve a Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of USD 5 trillion by 2024 – 25, India needs to spend about USD 1.4 trillion (Rs.100 lakh crore) over these years on infrastructure so that lack of infrastructure does not become an impediment to the growth of the economy.
• Livestock has emerged as an important secondary source of income for rural families and has assumed an important role in securing the goal of doubling the income of farmers.
  • There is a need to bring in a distinction between hoarding and storage of food grains, this will play an important role in doubling farmers’ income.
  • There is also a need for addressing some basic challenges such as credit, insurance coverage as well as irrigation in agriculture and allied sectors. (Read about National Livestock Mission in the linked article.)
• Rise in Tree and forest cover – They have reached 80.73 million hectares.
• States/UTs showing an increase in forest cover are Karnataka, Jammu & Kashmir, and Andhra Pradesh. States showing a loss are Meghalaya, Manipur, Mizoram, and Arunachal Pradesh.
• Ayushman Bharat has set up 28,005 Health & Wellness Centres as of 14th January 2020.
  • The OoPE (out of pocket expenditure) on health as a percentage of total health expenditure diminished from 64.2 percent in 2013-14 to 58.7 percent in 2016-17.
• 2.6 crore jobs have been created in urban and rural areas between 2011-12 and 2017-18.
  • Apart from jobs, the focus has also been on enhancing the quality of jobs and formalization of the economy.
  • The share of regular wage/salaried employees has increased from 18 percent in 2011-12 to almost 23 percent in 2017 – 2018 (an increase of five percentage points). This reflects formalization in the Indian economy.
• Currently, India has the second-largest emerging Green Bond Market after China.
  • The State Bank of India entered the green bond market with a US$650 million Certified Climate Bond.
  • In 2019, India joined the International Platform on Sustainable Finance (IPSF) to further boost environmentally sustainable investments.
• All the urban areas of 35 states/UTs have been declared ‘open defecation free (ODF).
  • The percentage of waste processing has increased to around 60% from 18%.
  • This comes under the Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban).
• In the services sector, there has been a 33% hike in the gross FDI.
  • This sector accounted for about 55% of the economy and Gross Value Added (GVA) growth, 38% of the total exports, and 2/3rd of the total FDI inflows into India.
  • In 15 of the 33 states/UTs, the services sector’s share is now over 50 percent of the Gross State Value Added.
• Regarding the space program of the country, ISRO has launched around 5-7 satellites per year in recent years with almost no failures.
• The survey notes that while there is a case for governmental intervention when markets don’t function properly, excessive intervention particularly when the market can do the job of improving citizens’ welfare perfectly well, suppresses economic freedom and generates ‘deadweight loss’.
  • Deadweight loss is the loss generated by the wasted opportunity of creating a consumer and producer surplus and diminishes wealth creation by not permitting efficient allocation of entrepreneurial resources and energy to productive activities thereby promoting economic dynamism.
• The GDP growth is pegged at 6-6.5 percent in the fiscal year starting in April.
• The fiscal deficit target may have to be relaxed to revive growth for the current fiscal.
• Relying on ten factors like the build-up of demand pressure, higher FDI inflows, a positive growth of GST revenue, there is an expectation of an uptick in growth in the second half of the current fiscal.
• The Survey demands that the government deliver diligently on reforms to revive growth.
• Ethical wealth creation is key to India becoming a USD 5 trillion economy by the year 2025.
• Regarding regular women employment, from 2011 – 12 to 2017 – 18, there was an increase of 8%.
  • But in rural employment of women, there has been a decline in female labour force participation.
• Debt waivers disrupt the credit culture, reduces formal credit to the same farmers.
• The survey recommends the government analyze the areas where it intervenes and undermines markets unnecessarily.
• There is a call for improving governance in public sector banks, and bring in more disclosures to enhance trust. The Survey also mentions dwarfism in the banking sector.
• The Survey also suggests taking steps to make it easier to start new business ventures, pay taxes, register property, and enforce contracts.
• The easing of crude prices reduces the current account deficit; imports contract more sharply than exports in the first half of the current fiscal.
• Demand pressure in the economy is weakening as indicated by a declining inflation rate (from 3.2% in April 2019 to 2.6% in Dec 2019).
• During April – November 2019, the GST collections increased by 4.1% for the Centre. 
• The Chief Economic Advisor (CEA) commented in the press conference after the Survey release that the impact of the Wuhan Coronavirus on the Indian economy would be very marginal.
• He noted that all groups of countries have slowed down and in a globalized economy, India has also felt the effect.
• He said the economic slowdown since 2017 has been due to the lagged effect of reduced investment from 2013 which occurred due to credit boom-bust.
• The Survey informs that for wealth to be distributed, it first has to be created and called for looking at wealth creators with respect.

The Economic Survey 2019 theme is about enabling the “shifting of gears” to uphold economic growth to make India a $5 trillion economy by 2024-25. The Survey says that it recedes from “traditional thinking by advocating a growth model for India that views the economy as being either in a virtuous or a vicious cycle and thus never in equilibrium.”

Below mentioned are the main Economic Survey 2019 highlights:

• The survey sees Financial Year 2020 GDP growth at 7%, higher growth on stables macros.
• India needs to grow at 8% per year to be USD 5 trillion economies by 2025.
• Looking further at the economics of equilibrium, the survey makes the case for an investment-driven “virtuous cycle” to sustain growth at 8%.
• Investment is the main driving force of simultaneous growth in exports, productivity, demand, and jobs.
• The survey proposes to name roads after the names of top taxpayers and to give diplomatic-type privileges. 
• Rather than focusing on small firms, the government should foster the growth of large firms.
• Additional focus on pushing up exports.
• Use public data to transform the development in the country.
• Growth in investment activity is slow.
• Ease labour laws to spur job growth.
• Wage growth in the rural area has started increasing since mid-2018.
• Political stability should push the animal spirits of the economy.
• Poor compliance of contracts and dispute settlement is a big hurdle. Legal processes should be faster and accorded top priority.
• Growth and savings are interrelated. Hence, savings must increase more than investment.
• Data must be established as a public good “of the people, by the people, for the people”. Constant right-sizing based on real-time data is the need. 
• The survey argues that to solve many social issues, nudging behavior change is the simplest way.
• Top policymakers must make sure that the actions are foreseeable. Policymaking needs are (a) Clear Vision (b) Strategic blueprint (c) Tactical tools for constant recalibration
• The success of MNREGA shows that with the skillful use of technology, government schemes can make a difference.
• Strengthening the middle class and driving up the low-wage earners with the help of minimum wage policy.
• MSMEs in the economy need to be freed from restraints that overshadow them. It should be seen as a source of innovation, growth, and job creation.
• The policy should enable MSMEs to grow, create greater profits, and contribute to job creation and productivity in the economy.
• To raise real per capita GDP by US$ 5000 and improve its HDI ranking, India needs to increase per capita energy consumption.
• India moving forward from Swachch Bharat to Swasth and Sundar Bharat.
• India will enjoy the “demographic dividend” phase in the next two decades but some states will start transitioning to an aging society by the 2030s.
• The Survey seeks reform in the lower judiciary.
• The government stands by the fiscal consolidation path.
• The Survey visualizes creating a Detroit for Electric Vehicles in India.
• January-March economic slowdown due to poll-related activity.
• The decline in NPAs should push up the CAPEX cycle.
• The general fiscal deficit was seen at 5.8% in FY19 VS 6.4% in FY18.
• NBFC stressed the reason for the financial year 2019 slowdown.
• The investment rate is seen higher in FY20 on improved demand.
• Oil prices are seen declining in the Financial Year 2020.
• Accommodative MPC policy to help cut real lending rates.
• The Survey is inspired by Gandhi’s Talisman: “…Recall the face of the poorest man [woman], and ask yourself if the step you contemplate is going to be of any use to him [her].